LeFranc-Millot C, Vercaigne-Marko D, Wal J. -M, et al. (1996) Comparison of the IgE titers to bovine colostral G immunoglobulins and the F(ab')2 fragments in sera of patients allergic to milk. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 110:156-162.

Savilahti E, Tainio VM, Salmenpera L, Arjomaa P, Kallio M, Perheentupa J, Siimes MA. (1991) Low colostral IgA associated with cow's milk allergy. Acta Pediatr Scan. 80:1207-1213.

Selo I, Clement G, Bernard H, et al. (1999) Allergy to bovine B-lactoglobulin: specificity of human IgE to tryptic peptides. Clinical and Experimental Allergy. 29:1055-1063.

Delespesse, G. Polypeptide factors from colostrum. US Patent #5,371,073 (1994). IgE (the immunoglobulin involved in allergic response) binding factors (IgE-bf) and IgE suppressor activity (IgE-SF) obtained from colostrum have been successfully used to treat allergies.

Collins, AM, et al. Bovine milk, including pasteurized milk, contains antibodies directed against allergens of clinical importance to man. International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology 96:362-367 (1991). The presence of antibodies against many of the most common allergies in man, including ryegrass pollen, house dust mites, Aspergillus mold and wheat gluten, were detected in bovine colostrum.

Elrod, KC, et al. Lactoferrin, a potent tryptase inhibitor, abolished late-phase airway responses in allergic sheep. American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine 156:375-381 (1997). Tryptase, a digestive enzyme, has been implicated in various aspects of asthma, including bronchoconstriction and airway hyperreactivity. Lactoferrin has been shown to inhibit tryptase activity, thus relieving the symptoms of asthma.

Goldman, AS, et al. Anti-inflammatory properties of human milk. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 75(5):689-695 (1986). The major anti-inflammatory components found in human milk (and bovine colostrum) include anti-proteases, lactoferrin, lysozyme, secretory IgA, and a number of antioxidants, including cysteine, ascorbate, alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene.

Murphey, DK, Buescher, ES. Human colostrum has anti-inflammatory activity in a rat subcutaneous air pouch model of inflammation. Pediatric Research 34(2):208-212 (1993). In an experimental animal model using subcutaneous air pouches in rats, colostrum showed significant anti-inflammatory activity.

Buescher, ES, McWilliams-Koeppen, P. Soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) receptors in human colostrum and milk bind to TNF-alpha and neutralize TNF-alpha bioactivity. Pediatric Research 44(1):37-42 (1998). The ability of colostrum to modulate the inflammatory response is unique. One of the ways in which it does this is through TNF-a receptor proteins, which are found in colostrum. These bind to TNF-a, which inactivates the TNF-a. TNF-a is the activator of the entire inflammatory cascade, so by controlling its activity, colostrum controls the degree of the inflammatory response and can shut it off altogether.

"Clinical studies show that IgE found in bovine colostrum, may be responsible for regulating allergic response," according to Drs. Tortora, Funke and Cast in Microbiology.

Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 1999;47(6):377-85.

Amaducci L. (1988) Phosphatidylserine in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: results of a multicenter study. Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 24(1):130-4.

Leszek J, Inglot AD, Janusz M, Lisowski J, Krukowska K, Georgiades JA. (1999) Colostrinin: a Proline-Rich Polypeptide (PRP) Complex Isolated from Ovine Colostrum for Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. A Double - Blind Placebo-Controlled Study. Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis. 47(6):377-85.

Leszek, J, et al. Colostrinin® proline-rich polypeptide complex from ovine colostrum - a long-term study of its efficacy in Alzheimer's disease. Medical Science Monitor 8(10):P193-P196 (2002). In a longer-term study, colostrinin produced improvement or stabilization in patients involved in the study.

Amaducci, L, et al. Use of phosphatidylserine in Alzheimer's disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 640:245-249 (1991). Supplementation with phosphatidylserine, one of the phospholipids found in BIO-lipid, also produces an improvement in symptoms in Alzheimer's.

Crook, TH, et al. Effects of phosphatidylserine in age-associated memory impairment. Neurology 41(5):644-649 (1991). Patients with age-associated memory impairment showed significant improvement in memory performance tests with phosphatidylserine supplementation over a 12 week period.

Crook, T, et al. Effects of phosphatidylserine in Alzheimer's disease. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 28(1):61-66 (1992). Another study which showed an improvement in symptoms of Alzheimer's with phosphatidylserine supplementation over 12 weeks. The less the impairment, the greater the improvement, suggesting that the earlier phosphatidylserine supplementation is begun in the course of the disease, the better the results will be.

Cross, CE, et al. Oxygen radicals and human disease. Annals of Internal Medicine 107(4):526-545 (1987). Oxygen free radicals, the by-products of normal metabolism, have been implicated in disease processes ranging from carcinogenesis to aging, emphasizing the importance of antioxidants in combating these conditions.

Ames, BN, et al. Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 90(17):7915-7922 (1993). Oxidant by-products of metabolism cause significant damage to DNA, proteins and lipids. This damage results in aging and the degenerative diseases associated with aging, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, immune system decline, brain dysfunction and cataracts. Antioxidant defenses against these diseases decline with age, necessitating the supplementation of antioxidants in the diet.

Ballard et. al. "Effects of anabolic agents on protein breakdown." Biochem J, 1983;210:243-249:

Gil, A. & Sanchez-Medina, F. "Acid soluble nucleotides of cow's, goat's and sheep's milk at different stages of lactation." Journal of Dairy Research, 1981;48:35-44.

Ullman, et al. "Effects of Growth Hormone on muscle regeneration and IgF-1 concentration in old rats." Acta Physiol Scand, 1990;140:521-525.

Xian, C.J., et al. "Degradation of IGF-1 in the adult rat gastrointestinal tract is limited by a specific antiserum or the dietary protein casein." Journal of Endocrinology, 1995;146:215-225.

Holbrook, N.J. & Ikeyama, S. "Age-related decline in cellular response to oxidative stress: links to growth factor signaling pathways with common defects." Biochem Pharmacol, 2002;64(5-6):999-1005.

Playford, R.J., et al. "Co-administration of the health food supplement, bovine colostrum, reduces the acute nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced increase in intestinal permeability." Clin Sci (Lond), 2001;100(6):627-633.

Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hellbrunner Str. 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Albert Duschl.

Elrod, KC, et al. Lactoferrin, a potent tryptase inhibitor, abolished late-phase airway responses in allergic sheep. American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine 156:375-381 (1997). Tryptase, a digestive enzyme, has been implicated in various aspects of asthma, including bronchoconstriction and airway hyperreactivity. Lactoferrin has been shown to inhibit tryptase activity, thus relieving the symptoms of asthma.

"Glycoproteins in bovine colostrum inhibit the attachment of the Helicobacter pylori bacteria that cause stomach ulcers. Colostrum contains significant amounts of interleukin-10, a strong inflammation inhibitory agent found significant in reducing inflammation in arthritic joints and injury areas," wrote Dr. Olle Hernell, from the University of Ulmea, Sweden, in Science magazine.

Anti-Microbial (Moldoveanu, Zina, et al, "Antibacterial Properties of Milk; IgA_ Peroxidase-Lactoferrin Interactions" Annals of N.Y. Academy of Science, (1983) Vol. 409, 848-850.

Kim, K. et al, "In Vitro and In Vivo Neutralizing Activity of Human Colostrum and Milk Against Purified Toxins A and B of Clostridium Difficle" Journal of Infectious Diseases (1984) Vol. 150 (1) 57-61.

Wada, N., et al, "Neutralizing Activity Against Clostridium Difficile Toxins in the Supernatant of Cultured Colostral Cells" Infectioius Immunology (1980) Vol. 29, 545-550).

McConnell, M.A.; Brooks, H.J.L.; Borissenko, M.B.; Buchan, G. A comparative study of immunoglobulin feels and anti-inflammatory activity in four milk products. Journal of Dairy Science. Publication forthcoming.

Borody, TJ, et al. Tunnel vision in the bowel. Center for Digestive Diseases (2001). Review of irritable bowel syndrome, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, and its etiology, including infective agents such as Shigella and Campylobacter. Infections of the gut are difficult to treat because no antimicrobial therapy is available that is effective against Clostridia spores. Only bovine colostrum has proven clinical efficacy in eradicating intestinal pathogens, such as rotavirus, and may help control the infections seen in chronic disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome due to the number of biologically active components in colostrum. The growth factors in colostrum help heal intestinal erosions and ulcerations. It also contains anti-inflammatory factors and is nutrient rich. Colostrum may be used alone or in combination with other anti-inflammatory and/or immune substances. Future research should focus on identifying immune strategies, novel delivery systems and identification of the bioactives in colostrum.

Playford, RJ, et al. Bovine colostrum is a health food supplement which prevents NSAID induced gut damage. Gut 44:653-658 (1999). Although non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are very effective in controlling joint pain in arthritis, their use also causes significant, and sometimes fatal, gastrointestinal damage. Supplementation with colostrum, however, significantly reduced and healed injury caused by NSAIDs.

Playford, RJ, et al. Co-administration of the health food supplement, bovine colostrum, reduces the acute non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced increase in intestinal permeability. Clinical Science 100:627-633 (2001). Another study by Dr. Playford on the ability of colostrum to prevent damage due to NSAID use. This study showed that colostrum also prevents an increase in gastrointestinal permeability due to NSAID use, whereas NSAID use alone without colostrum causes an increase in permeability.

Goldman, AS, et al. Anti-inflammatory properties of human milk. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 75(5):689-695 (1986). The major anti-inflammatory components found in human milk (and bovine colostrum) include anti-proteases, lactoferrin, lysozyme, secretory IgA, and a number of antioxidants, including cysteine, ascorbate, alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene.

Murphey, DK, Buescher, ES. Human colostrum has anti-inflammatory activity in a rat subcutaneous air pouch model of inflammation. Pediatric Research 34(2):208-212 (1993). In an experimental animal model using subcutaneous air pouches in rats, colostrum showed significant anti-inflammatory activity.

Buescher, ES, McWilliams-Koeppen, P. Soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) receptors in human colostrum and milk bind to TNF-alpha and neutralize TNF-alpha bioactivity. Pediatric Research 44(1):37-42 (1998). The ability of colostrum to modulate the inflammatory response is unique. One of the ways in which it does this is through TNF-a receptor proteins, which are found in colostrum. These bind to TNF-a, which inactivates the TNF-a. TNF-a is the activator of the entire inflammatory cascade, so by controlling its activity, colostrum controls the degree of the inflammatory response and can shut it off altogether.

Britigan, BE, et al. The role of lactoferrin as an anti-inflammatory molecule. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 357:143-156 (1994). While the role of lactoferrin in providing non-specific immunity is well documented, it also plays a role in the anti-inflammatory response through its antioxidant effect.

Conneely, OM. Anti-inflammatory activities of lactoferrin. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 20(Suppl. 5):389S-395S (2001). Lactoferrin inhibits dermal inflammatory cytokine production and acts as a potent anti-inflammatory protein at local sites of inflammation, including the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.

Shigenaga, MK, et al. Oxidative damage and mitochondrial decay in aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 91(23):10771-10778 (1994). The major source of oxidative damage are oxidants generated by mitochondria in the cells of the body. Mitochondrial function declines with age, including decreased membrane fluidity, proton leakage across the inner mitochondrial membrane, and decreases levels of cardiolipin, an important lipid which supports the functioning of proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Kurz, DJ, et al. Chronic oxidative stress compromises telomere integrity and accelerates the onset of senescence in human endothelial cells. Journal of Cell Science 117:2417-2426 (2004). Oxidative stress due to the buildup of oxidization by-products has been linked to the onset of cell senescence in blood vessel lining cells by disrupting telomere integrity. Telomeres are the "tails" of the chromosomes, the length of which determine the number of cell divisions a cell can undergo before reaching its limit. Glutathione, a powerful natural antioxidant, is crucial in maintaining telomere integrity.

Borissenko, M. Glutathione: A powerful anti-oxidant found in colostrum. NZMP August 2002. Both glutathione and its chemical predecessors are present in large quantities in colostrum. As glutathione is not absorbed directly, glutathione production in the body can only be accomplished by supplementation with its antecedents, cystine, glycine and glutamic acid, all of which are abundant in colostrum.

Buescher, ES, McIlheran, SM. Antioxidant properties of human colostrum. Pediatric Research 24(1):14-19 (1988). Colostrum reduces ferricytochrome C in polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) and also disrupts other metabolic and enzymatic activities of PMNs which are crucial in PMN respiratory burst mediation of acute inflammation, showing that colostrum is a powerful antioxidant.

Buescher, ES, McIlheran, SM. Colostral antioxidants: separation and characterization of two activities in human colostrum. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 14(1):47-56 (1992). Colostrum interferes with the production of PMN respiratory burst products in two ways, ascorbate and uric acid.

Boldogh, I, et al. Modulation of 4HNE-mediated signaling by proline-rich peptides from ovine colostrum. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience 20(2):125-134 (2003). Colostrinin down regulates lipid peroxidation, inhibits glutathione depletion and reduces intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This is one more way that colostrum demonstrates antioxidant activity.

Wakabayashi, H, et al. Inhibition of iron/ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation by an N-terminal peptide of bovine lactoferrin and its acylated derivatives. Bioscience, Biotechnology, Biochemistry 63(5):955-957 (1999). Lactoferrin also plays an important antioxidant role in colostrum by preventing lipid peroxidation.

Satue-Gracia, MT, et al. Lactoferrin in infant formulas: effect on oxidation. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 48(10):4984-4990 (2000). Commercially modified infant formulas based on cow's milk have significantly less lactoferrin than whole milk, and soy formulas contain none, even though lactoferrin acts as an iron transporter protein. Adding lactoferrin to infant formulas results in the dual benefit of increased iron absorption and acts as an antioxidant and antimicrobial to extend the shelf life of the formulas.

Berk LS, Nieman DC, Youngberg WS, et al. (1989) The effect of long endurance running on natural killer cells in marathoners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 22:207-212.

Buckley JD, et al. Effect of An Oral Bovine Colostrum Supplement Intact on Running Performance.Abstract from: 1998 Australian Conference of Science and Medicine in Sport, Adelaide, South Australia, October 1998.

Burke E. (1996) Colostrum as an athletic enhancer and help for AIDS. Nutrition Science News.

Clark J. (1996) Uses of creatine phosphate and creatine supplementation for the athlete. Scientific and Clinical Perspective.

Mero A, et al. (1997) Effects of bovine colostrum supplementation on serum IGF-1, IgG, hormone, and saliva IgA during training. Journal of Applied Physiology. 83:1144-1151.

Sparling PB, Nieman DC, O'Connor PJ. (1993) Selected scientific aspects of marathon racing: an update on fluid replacement, immune function, psychological factors and the gender difference. Sports Medicine. 15:116-132.

Hofman Z, Smeets R, Verlaan G, Lugt R, Verstappen PA.,Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2002 Dec;12(4):461-9. Related Articles, The effect of bovine colostrum supplementation on exercise performance in elite field hockey players. Numico Research, Bosrandweg 20, 6704 PH Wageningen, The Netherlands.

Coombes JS, Conacher M, Austen SK, Marshall PA. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002 Jul;34(7):1184-8. Related Articles, Links, Dose effects of oral bovine colostrum on physical work capacity in cyclists. School of Human Movement Studies, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.

Mero, A.; Miikkulainen, H,; Riski, J,; Pakknen, R,; Aalto, J,; Takala, T. Effects of bovine colostrum supplementation on serum IGF-1, IgG, hormone, and saliva IgA during training. Journal of Applied,Physiology. 83(4):1144-1151, April 1997.

J Buckley*, M Abbott, S Martin, G Brinkworth & P Whyte, Abstract from: 1998 Australian Conference of Science and Medicine in Sport, Adelaide, South Australia, October 1998. Effect of an oral bovine colostrum supplement (intact TM ) on running performance. Centre for Research in Education and Sports Science, University of South Australia.

Spagnoli A, Rosenfeld RG, Dept. of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, The mechanisms by which growth hormone brings about growth. The relative contributions of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factors. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1996 Sep; (3):615-31.

Liu JL, LeRoith D, Clinical Endocrinology Branch, NIDDKD, NIH, Bethesda, MD, Insulin-like growth factor I is essential for post-natal growth in response to growth hormone. Endocrinology 1999 Nov; 140(11):5178-84.

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Hwa V, Oh Y, Rosenfeld RG, Dept. of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR, The insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) superfamily. Endocr Rev 1999 Dec; 20(6):761-87.

Buckley, J., et al. "Oral supplementation with bovine colostrum increases vertical jump performance." Presented at 4th Annual Congress of the European College of Sports Science, Rome 14-17 July, 1999.

Mero, A., et al. "Effects of bovine colostrum supplementation on serum IGF-I, IgG, hormone, and saliva IgA during training." J Appl Physiol, 1997;83(4):144-1151.

Wu, A.H. & Perryman, M.B. "Clinical applications of muscle enzymes and proteins." Curr Opin Rheumatol, 1992;4(6):815-820.

Antonio, J, et al. The effects of bovine colostrum supplementation on body composition and exercise performance in active men and women. Nutrition 17(3):243-247 (2001). Actively training male and female athletes were given colostrum supplementation or placebo for a period of 8 weeks. Subjects receiving colostrum but not placebo showed an increase in lean body mass.

Brinkworth, GD, et al. Effect of bovine colostrum supplementation on the composition of resistance trained and untrained limbs in healthy young men. European Journal of Applied Physiology 9(11):53-60 (2004). Either bovine colostrum or whey protein were given to young men who were either in training or not in training. Those in the training group who received colostrum showed a significantly greater increase in both upper arm circumference and cross-sectional area compared to those receiving whey, while those who were not in training showed no change.

Buckley, JD, et al. Effect of bovine colostrum on anaerobic exercise performance and plasma insulin-like growth factor I. Journal of Sports Science 21(7):577-588 (2003). Athletes in training were given either bovine colostrum or placebo for 8 weeks. Those receiving colostrum showed a significant increase in peak anaerobic power over placebo.

Coombes, JS, et al. Dose effects of oral bovine colostrum on physical work capacity in cyclists. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 34(7):1184-1188 (2002). Dosage studies done on training cyclists showed a small but significant improvement in time trials at doses of 20 g or 60 g/day.

Hofman, Z, et al. The effect of bovine colostrum supplementation on exercise performance in elite field hockey players. International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 12(4):461-469 (2002). Colostrum supplementation in elite field hockey players, both male and female, resulted in improved sprint performance over placebo.

Nieman, DC, et al. Complement and immunoglobulin levels in athletes and sedentary controls. International Journal of Sports Medicine 10(2):124-128 (1989). Blood levels of complements C3 and C4 but not immunoglobulins decreased during periods of rest, graded maximal exercise and recovery in marathon runners.

Nieman, DC, et al. Effects of long-endurance running on immune system parameters and lymphocyte function in experienced marathoners. International Journal of Sports Medicine 10(5):317-323 (1989). Marathon runners experience a disruption of normal immune function after running long distances, a condition which returns to normal levels following 21 hours of recovery.

Berk, LS, et al. The effect of long endurance running on natural killer cells in marathoners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 22(2):207-212 (1990). A significant decrease in natural killer cell populations were seen in marathon runners following three hours of maximal exercise with full recovery of pre-exercise levels by 21 hours. This correlated with increases in cortisol levels during exercise.

Sparling, PB, et al. Selected scientific aspects of marathon racing. An update on fluid replacement, immune function, psychological factors and the gender difference. Sports Medicine 15(2):116-132 (1993). Negative changes to the immune system during long distance running increase the chances of upper respiratory infections in these athletes for a period following exercise. Proper nutrition, adequate rest and appropriate recover between workouts as well as other measures can lessen the risk.

Burke, ER. Colostrum as an Athletic Enhancer and Help for AIDS. Nutrition Science News May, 1996. While leaky gut is of concern to everyone, it is particularly so for athletes who need to utilize all the nutrients they take in and prevent infection when their immune systems are impaired following exercise. Many athletes suffer irritable bowel syndrome as a result of incomplete digestion of protein supplements. The role of colostrum-derived insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-ß) in healing leaky gut are explored.

Buckley, JD, et al. Bovine colostrum supplementation during endurance running training improves recovery, but not performance. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 5(2):65-79 (2002). While supplementation with bovine colostrum does not increase levels of IGF-1 in the blood or initial performance, performance in a second round of exercise significantly improves.

Crooks, C, et al. Bovine colostrum supplementation increases levels of s-IGA in distance runners: a study based on athletes in training for the 2002 Rotorua marathon. Unpublished research. Marathon runners in training were given bovine colostrum or placebo for 12 weeks in a double blind study. Those in the colostrum group showed significantly more secretory IgA (s-IgA) in their saliva than either the placebo group or sedentary controls. The colostrum group also reported a significantly lower rate of upper respiratory infections (URI) during this period.

Kasemkijwattana, C, et al. Use of growth factors to improve muscle healing after strain injury. Clinical Orthopedics 370:272-285 (2000). Muscle injuries, such as strains, are common in athletes. The use of growth factors, such as IGF-1, in treating such injuries is explored.

Molloy, T, et al. The roles of growth factors in tendon and ligament healing. Sports Medicine 33(5):381-394 (2003). The roles of five different growth factors, IGF-1, TGF-ß, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), in healing tendon and ligament injuries is explored. Each plays a different but vital role in the process.

Sato, K, et al. Improvement of muscle healing through enhancement of muscle regeneration and prevention of fibrosis. Muscle & Nerve 28(3):355-372 (2003). IGF-1 can improve muscle regeneration in injured muscle.

Liang, L, et al. [Effect of cytokines on repair of tendon injury] Zhongguo Xiufu Chongjian Waike Zazhi (Chinese) 14(5):283-285 (2000). Cytokines, such as the growth factors, can accelerate tendon repair.

Mero, A, et al. IGF-I, IgA, and IgG responses to bovine colostrum supplementation during training. Journal of Applied Physiology 93(2):732-739 (2002). Colostrum supplementation increases levels of IGF-1 and IgA in training athletes, but the IGF-1 in the colostrum is not absorbed intact.

Kuipers, H, et al. Effects of oral bovine colostrum supplementation on serum insulin-like growth factor-I levels. Nutrition 18(7-8):165-172 (2002). A study for the International Olympic Committee showed no increase in blood IGF-1 or IGF-bp3 levels after 4 weeks time.

Zimecki, M, et al. Effect of a proline-rich polypeptide (PRP) on the development of hemolytic anemia and survival of New Zealand black (NZB) mice. Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis 39(5-6):461-467 (1991). Colostrinin (PRP) increased survival in mice susceptible to hemolytic anemia, an autoimmune disease. It is hypothesized the colostrinin induces suppressor cells which slow development of the disease. This suggests that colostrinin may have therapeutic value in treating autoimmune diseases.

Butler, J. E. Immunoglobulins of the Mammary Secretions. Chapter Five. in: Lactation: A Comprehensive Treatise. Vol. 3. Eds. B. L. Larson and V. R. Smith. pp. 217-252. Academic Press. New York. 1974.

Christopher-Hennings, J., et al., lmmunocompromise in gnotobiotic pigs induced by verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (Olll:NM). Infect. Immun. 1993. 61: p. 2304-2308.

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Ho, P.C., and Lawton, J.W.M. Human colostral cells: Phagocytosis and killing of E. Coli and C. Albicans. The Journal of Pediatrics. Vol. 93, No. 6, pp. 910-915.

Kim, K., et al., In vitro and in vivo neutralizing activity of human colostrum and milk against purified toxins A and B of Clostridium difficile. T. Infect. Dis. 1985. 150: p. 57-61.

Majumdar, A. S., et al., Protective properties of anti-cholera antibodies in human colostrum. Infect. Immun. 1982. 36:p. 962965.

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Watzl, B., et al., Enhancement of resistance to Cryptosporidium parvum by pooled bovine colostrum during murine retroviral infection. Am. T. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1993. 48(4): p. 519-523.

Funatogawa K, Ide T, Kirikae F, Saruta K, Nakano M, Kirikae T. Microbiol Immunol. 2002;46(11):761-6. Related Articles, Links, Use of immunoglobulin enriched bovine colostrum against oral challenge with enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in mice. Southern Direct Meat Products Inspection Office, Tochigi, Tochigi 328-0033, Japan.

Seifert J, Molkewehrum M, Oesser S, Nebermann L, Schulze C. Eur Surg Res. 2002 Jan-Apr;34(1-2):68-72. Related Articles, Links, Endotoxin inactivation by enterally applied colostrum of different composition. Surgical Research, Department of Surgery and Thoracic Surgery, Kiel, Germany.

Bolke E, Jehle PM, Hausmann F, Daubler A, Wiedeck H, Steinbach G, Storck M, Orth K., Shock. 2002 Jan;17(1):9-12. Related Articles, Links, Preoperative oral application of immunoglobulin-enriched colostrum milk and mediator response during abdominal surgery. Department of Surgery, University of Ulm, Germany.

Lilius EM, Marnila P. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2001 Jun;14(3):295-300. Related Articles, Links, The role of colostral antibodies in prevention of microbial infections. Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.

Graczyk TK, Cranfield MR, Bostwick EF., J Parasitol. 2000 Jun;86(3):631-2. Related Articles, Links, Successful hyperimmune bovine colostrum treatment of Savanna monitors (Varanus exanthematicus) infected with Cryptosporidium sp. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.

Huppertz HI, Rutkowski S, Busch DH, Eisebit R, Lissner R, Karch H., J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1999 Oct;29(4):452-6. Related Articles, Links, Bovine colostrum ameliorates diarrhea in infection with diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, shiga toxin-producing E. Coli, and E. coli expressing intimin and hemolysin. Children's Hospital, The University of Wurzburg, Germany.

Bitzan, M.M.; Gold, B.D.; Philpott, D.J.; Huesca, M.; Sherman, P.M.; Karch, H.; Lissner, R.; Lingwood, C.A.; Karmali, M.A.; Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobactor mustelae binding to lipid receptors by bovine colostrum. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 177:955-961, April 1998.

Casswall TH, Sarker SA, Albert MJ, Fuchs GJ, Bergstrom M, Bjorck L, Hammarstrom L., Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1998 Jun;12(6):563-8. Related Articles, Links, Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in infants in rural Bangladesh with oral immunoglobulins from hyperimmune bovine colostrum. Department of Clinical Sciences, Huddinge Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Sweden.

Bitzan MM, Gold BD, Philpott DJ, Huesca M, Sherman PM, Karch H, Lissner R, Lingwood CA, Karmali MA. J Infect Dis. 1998 Apr;177(4):955-61. Related Articles, Links, Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae binding to lipid receptors by bovine colostrum. Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Tacket CO, Binion SB, Bostwick E, Losonsky G, Roy MJ, Edelman R. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1992 Sep;47(3):276-83. Related Articles, Links, Efficacy of bovine milk immunoglobulin concentrate in preventing illness after Shigella flexneri challenge. Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore.

Flanigan T, Marshall R, Redman D, Kaetzel C, Ungar B. J Protozool. 1991 Nov-Dec;38(6):225S-227S. Related Articles, Links, In vitro screening of therapeutic agents against Cryptosporidium: hyperimmune cow colostrum is highly inhibitory. Department of Medicine, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.

Ushijima H, Dairaku M, Mukoyama A. Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 1991 Jan;65(1):54-60. Related Articles, Links,[Bacteriostatic activity of bovine colostrum][Article in Japanese],Department of Enteroviruses, National Institute of Health.

Stephan W, Dichtelmuller H, Lissner R. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem. 1990 Jan;28(1):19-23. Related Articles, Links, Antibodies from colostrum in oral immunotherapy. Biotest Pharma GmbH, Forschungsabteilung, Frankfurt.

Fayer R, Perryman LE, Riggs MW.J Parasitol. 1989 Feb;75(1):151-3. Related Articles, Links, Hyperimmune bovine colostrum neutralizes Cryptosporidium sporozoites and protects mice against oocyst challenge. Zoonotic Diseases Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705.

McClead RE Jr, Butler T, Rabbani GH. Am J Med. 1988 Dec;85(6):811-6. Related Articles, Links, Orally administered bovine colostral anti-cholera toxin antibodies: results of two clinical trials. Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University 43205.

Tacket CO, Losonsky G, Link H, Hoang Y, Guesry P, Hilpert H, Levine MM. N Engl J Med. 1988 May 12;318(19):1240-3. Related Articles, Links, Protection by milk immunoglobulin concentrate against oral challenge with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore.

Opdebeeck JP, Norcross NL. Am J Vet Res. 1985 Jul;46(7):1561-4. Related Articles, Links, Antibodies in bovine serum and lacteal secretions to capsular antigens of Staphylococcus aureus.

McClead RE, Gregory SA. Infect Immun. 1984 May;44(2):474-8. Related Articles, Links, Resistance of bovine colostral anti-cholera toxin antibody to in vitro and in vivo proteolysis.

McClead RE, Butler T, Rabbani GH. (1988) Orally Administered Bovine Colostral Anti-Cholera Toxin Antibodies: Results of Two Clinical Trials. The American Journal of Medicine. 85:811-816

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Ellison, RT III, Giehl, TJ. Killing of gram-negative bacteria by lactoferrin and lysozyme. Journal of Clinical Investigation 88(4):1080-1091 (1991). Lactoferrin and lysozyme act together to kill gram-negative bacteria, such as Vibrio cholerae (cholera), Salmonella typhimurium (food poisoning) and Eschericia coli. The lactoferrin attaches to and destroys the cell wall of the bacteria, allowing the lysozyme to enter and lyse (burst) the organisms.

Korhonen, H, et al. Milk immunoglobulins and complement factors. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl.1):S75-S80 (2000). Bovine colostrum contains three main classes of immunoglobulin IgG (IgG1 75% and IgG2), IgM and IgA, plus hemolytic and bactericidal complement. Complement is a complex group of proteins which act in concert with antibodies to inactivate and/or kill pathogens.

Gopal, PK, and Gill, HS. Oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates in bovine milk and colostrum. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl.1):S69-S74 (2000). Another way colostrum helps protect against infections is through the oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates it contains. These are complex sugars which compete for binding sites in the GI tract with pathogens.

Korhonen, H. Bactericidal effect of bovine normal and immune serum, colostrum and milk against Helicobacter pylori. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 78:655-662 (1995). The antibody-complement system found in bovine colostrum was also found to be bactericidal against H. pylori.

Korhonen, H, et al. Bactericidal effect of bovine normal and immune serum, colostrum and milk against Helicobacter pylori. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 78(6):655-662 (1995). Helicobacter pylori is a major cause of gastritis and ulcers in humans. Serum and colostrum from non-immunized Friesian cows were found to be highly bactericidal against H. pylori. Post-colostral milk did not show any bactericidal effect against H. pylori.

Bitzan, MM, et al. Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae binding to lipid receptors by bovine colostrum. Journal of Infectious Disease 177(4):955-961 (1998). H. pylori and H. mustelae (a gastric pathogen of ferrets) are both bound by lipid receptors (phosphatidylethanolamine, gangliotetraosylceramide and gangliotriaosyl-ceramide) in the gut, allowing them to carry out their pathogenic activities. Bovine colostrum, however, was shown to prevent binding of the pathogens to these lipid receptors even though there was no detectable anti-H. pylori antibody activity in the colostrum.

Wada, T, et al. The therapeutic effect of bovine lactoferrin in the host infected with Helicobacter pylori. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 34(3):238-243 (1999). Mice infected with H. pylori were given a daily dose of bovine lactoferrin for 2-4 weeks. Their intestines were then examined for bacterial content. Numbers of H. pylori were reduced to 10% of pre-lactoferrin levels and greatly decreased the numbers of H. pylori bound to the intestinal wall. Serum antibody titer to H. pylori were reduced to practically zero, indicating that the immune response of the host was no longer recognizing H. pylori infection. Therefore it was deduced that lactoferrin has a direct antibacterial effect on H. pylori infection and prevents binding of the pathogen to the intestinal lining.

Casswall, TH, et al. Bovine anti-Helicobacter pylori antibodies for oral immunotherapy. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 37(12):1380-1385 (2002). Bovine colostrum with high titers against H. pylori was given to H. pylori infected mice. Comparison of treated mice with control mice showed a 50-66% cure rate for H. pylori infection in treated mice. Binding studies also showed that the colostrum prevented binding of the H. pylori.

Lilius, EM, Marnila, P. The role of colostral antibodies in prevention of microbial infections. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 14(3): 295-300 (2001) . Colostrum offers passive protection against a variety of microbial pathogens in the form of specific immunoglobulin A, G and M antibodies. It is especially effective in the prevention of various gastroenteric infections.

Ogra, PL, et al. Colostrum derived immunity and maternal neonatal interaction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 409: 82-92 (1983). Peyer's patches are found throughout the intestinal tract, and groups of similar immunoactive cells are found in the bronchial mucosa. Both the intestinal and bronchial immunoactive cell groups respond to allergens, antigens and pathogens by neutralizing or destroying them. In newborns, these special cell groups are not immediately operative but protection is provided by a variety of immune factors from the mother's colostrum. Antibodies found in colostrum protect against Eschericia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholera, Bacteriodes fragilis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bordtella pertussis, Clostridium diphtheria, Clostridium tetani, Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans.

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Bessler, H., et al. Human colostrum stimulates cytokine production. Biology of the Neonate 69(6):376-382 (1996). Colostrum has also been shown to stimulate the production of certain cytokines, IL-1, IL-3 and IL-6, in peripheral white blood cells (monocytes).

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Palmer, EL, et al. Antiviral activity of colostrum and serum Immunoglobulins A and G. Journal of Medical Virology 5:123-129 (1980). Virus-specific IgA was discovered in colostrum, including anti-polio antibody.

Ogra, PL, et al. Colostrum-derived immunity and maternal-neonatal interaction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 409:82-95 (1983). Passive immunity to specific pathogens is passed from mother to infant via colostrum.

Brüssow, H., et al. Bovine milk immunoglobulins for passive immunity to infantile rotavirus gastroenteritis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 25(6):982-986 (1987). Protection against rotavirus, a dangerous pathogen which can cause serious, even fatal diarrhea in infants, can be passed orally through milk or colostrum safely and effectively.

Ebina, T, et al. Passive immunizations of suckling mice and infants with bovine colostrum containing antibodies to human rotavirus. Journal of Medical Virology 38:117-123 (1992). Another study that confirmed that oral immunization via colostrum or milk against rotavirus was possible, safe and effective.

Stephan, W, et al. Antibodies from colostrum in oral immunotherapy. Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry 28:19-23 (1990). An immunoglobulin preparation from pooled bovine colostrum was found to be very effective in treating severe diarrhea, such as often found in AIDS patients.

van Hooijdonk, AC, Kussendrager, KD, Steijns, JM. In vivo antimicrobial and antiviral activity of components in bovine milk and colostrum involved in non-specific defense. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl.1):S127-S134 (2000). Lactoferrin and lactoperoxidase, both present in colostrum in large amounts, provide non-specific defense against a broad spectrum of pathogens, including bacteria and viruses. This is significant both for the protection of commercially important animals as well as humans.

Korhonen, H, et al. Bovine milk antibodies for health. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl.1):S135-S146 (2000). Bovine colostrum provides safe, effective protection against many pathogens. This natural immune protection can be extended by hyperimmunizing cows against specific pathogens.

Solomons, NW. Modulation of the immune system and the response against pathogens with bovine colostrum concentrates. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56(Suppl.3):524-528 (2002). The ability of colostrum to protect infants against pathogens, specifically those which cause gastroenteritis and severe diarrhea, makes it an ideal, cheap, safe and effective means of protecting children in those parts of the world where medical assistance is lacking or substandard and could save thousands of lives each year.

Ho, PC, Lawton, JWM. Human colostral cells: Phagocytosis and killing of E. Coli and C. Albicans. Journal of Pediatrics 93(6):910 -915 (1978). Cells found in colostrum are able to ingest and kill both E. coli and Candida.

Majumdar, AS, et al. Protective properties of anti-cholera antibodies in human colostrum. Infection and Immunity 36:962-965 (1982). Colostrum was able to prevent infection with cholera. Colostrum samples from India, where cholera is common, had much higher levels of anti-cholera IgA than those from Sweden, where cholera is rare.

Funatogawa, K, et al. Use of immunoglobulin enriched bovine colostrum against oral challenge with enterohaemorrhagic Eschericia coli O157:H7 in mice. Microbiology and Immunology 46(11):761-766 (2002). Colostrum can prevent infection against food-borne pathogens by preventing them from binding to the intestinal lining.

Widiasih, DA, et al. Passive transfer of antibodies to Shiga toxin-producing Eschericia coli O26, O111 and O157 antigens in neonatal calves by feeding colostrum. Journal of Veterinary Medicine 66(2):213-215 (2004). Feeding colostrum to calves provided protection against Shiga toxin-producing E. Coli, a particularly deadly strain of E. coli.

Acosta-Altamirano, G, et al. Anti-amoebic properties of human colostrum. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 216B:1347-1352 (1987). In addition to its effectiveness against bacterial, viral and fungal infections, colostrum also provides protection against amoebic pathogens.

Akisu, C, et al. Effect of human milk and colostrum on Entamoeba histolyica. World Journal of Gastroenterology 10(5):741-742 (2004). Colostrum was found to provide protection against Entamoeba histolyica, the cause of amoebiasis, a serious, chronic illness characterized by dysentery, gastrointestinal ulceration and abscess formation and intestinal blockage in infants particularly.

Julius, MH, et al. A colostral protein that induces the growth and differentiation of resting B lymphocytes. Journal of Immunology 140:1366-1371 (1988). Colostrinin has also been shown to induce the growth and differentiation of resting B lymphocytes. T and B lymphocytes are the two main types of lymphocytes involved in the immune response.

Hagiwara, K, et al. Oral administration of IL-1 beta enhanced the proliferation of lymphocytes and the O(2)(-) production of neutrophil in newborn calf. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 81(1-2):59-69 (2001) Interleukin-1ß in colostrum stimulates the immune system by increasing the amount of peripheral white blood cells, especially monocytes.

Sirota, L, et al. Effect of human colostrum on interleukin-2 production and natural killer cell activity. Archive of Diseases in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition 72(3):F99-102 (1995). Colostrum stimulates or inhibits the production of IL-2 depending on its concentration. It also inhibits the activity of natural killer cells, but the production of IL-2 reverses this effect. This is thought to be another way that colostrum modulates the immune system response.

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Heemskerk VH, van Heurn LW, Farla P, Buurman WA, Piersma F, ter Riet G, Heineman E., J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2002 Jan;34(1):47-51. Related Articles, Links, Effect of IGF-rich colostrum on bowel adaptation in neonatal piglets with short bowel syndrome. Department of Surgery, the University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.

Playford RJ, Floyd DN, Macdonald CE, Calnan DP, Adenekan RO, Johnson W, Goodlad RA, Marchbank T., Gut. 1999 May;44(5):653-8. Related Articles, Links, Bovine colostrum is a health food supplement which prevents NSAID induced gut damage. University Division of Gastroenterology, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK.

Warny M, Fatimi A, Bostwick EF, Laine DC, Lebel F, LaMont JT, Pothoulakis C, Kelly CP. Gut. 1999 Feb;44(2):212-7. Related Articles, Links, Bovine immunoglobulin concentrate-clostridium difficile retains C difficile toxin neutralising activity after passage through the human stomach and small intestine. Gastroenterology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Centre, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.

Mitra, A.K.; Mahalambis, D.; Ashraf, H.; Unicomb, L.; Esckls, R.; Tzipori, S. Hyperimmune cow colostrum reduces diarrhea due to rot: a double-blind study, controlled clinical trial. Acta Paediatr. 84:996-1001, 1995.

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Dial EJ, Lichtenberger LM. Gastroenterology. 1984 Aug;87(2):379-85. Related Articles, Links, A role for milk phospholipids in protection against gastric acid. Studies in adult and suckling rats.

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Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Repair Group, Imperial College, London (2003). Unpublished research. In an in vitro experimental study, colostrum stimulated intestinal cell growth and reestablished a healthy epithelial layer following injury. In an in vivo experimental study, colostrum powder was also shown to reduce gastric injury.

Bitzan, MM, et al. Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae binding to lipid receptors by bovine colostrum. Journal of Infectious Diseases 177:955-961 (1998). Bovine colostrum blocked binding of H. pylori (a major cause of chronic gastritis and ulcers in humans) and H. mustelae (a similar pathogen found in ferrets). This is apparently a function of the phosphatidylethanolamine found in colostrum and BIO-lipid.

Carver, JD, Barness, LA. Trophic factors for the gastrointestinal tract. Clinical Perinatology 23(2):265-285 (1996). Factors in colostrum which promote the development of the GI tract in newborn infants also help protect against such diseases as Crohn's disease, colitis, necrotizing enterocolitis and diarrhea.

Bühler, C., et al. Small intestinal morphology in eight-day-old calves fed colostrum for different durations or only milk replacer and treated with long-R3-insulin-like growth factor I and growth hormone. Journal of Animal Science 76:758-765 (1998). The intestines of calves fed colostrum compared to those not fed colostrum revealed that those fed colostrum had significantly increased villus size and crypt depths. This translates into greater surface area and thus increased absorption of nutrients.

Blättler, U, et al. Feeding colostrum, its composition and feeding duration variably modify proliferation and morphology of the intestine and digestive enzyme activities of neonatal calves. Journal of Nutrition 131(4):1256-1263 (2001). A similar study done on calves either receiving or not receiving colostrum. This study concentrated on the development and health of the gastrointestinal epithelium and found that the development and health of this epithelium was markedly superior in those receiving colostrum. Colostrum also influenced the production of lipase enzyme by the pancreas.

Pluske, JR, Morel, PCH. Increasing weaner pig productivity in New Zealand pig herds. Unpublished research (1999). Piglets fed a liquid supplement with colostrum powder had a marked increase in villi height in the lumen of the small intestine, indicating greater digestion and absorption of nutrients. There were also an increased number of immune cells in the villi, indicating enhanced immune competency.

Rooney, PJ, et al. A short review of the relationship between intestinal permeability and inflammatory joint disease. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 8:75-83 (1990). The connection between increased permeability of the intestines and inflammatory arthritis is examined. The gut is the likely source of the antigens which cause inflammatory arthritis.

Katz, KD, Hollander, D. Intestinal mucosal permeability and rheumatological diseases. Baillere's Clinical Rheumatology 3(2):271-284 (1989). The inability of the intestinal lining to control the influx of antigens into the blood due to leaky gut or a dysfunctional immune system may represent the prime means by which the antigens which cause numerous diseases, including autoimmune diseases. Leaky gut has been linked to patients with ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, and celiac sprue (a genetic autoimmune disease characterized by damage to the small intestine due to eating wheat gluten).

Moller, W, et al. Use of bovine colostral milk as a preparation for the protection of the liver. US Patent #5,710,132 (1998). Whole bovine colostrum or an immunoglobulin preparation from colostrum are used to protect the liver from bacterial, viral or protozoan diseases, such as E. coli, rotavirus or cryptosporidia infection, as well as detoxify the liver by removing toxic protein metabolites such as ammonia. It can also be used to treat the effects of various liver diseases, such as liver inflammation, viral hepatitis, fibrosis of the liver, cirrhosis of the liver, fatty liver, and so forth. These effects include disturbances of the liver's detoxification, excretory, conjugational and synthesizing functions, portal hypertension due to liver disease, and even coma due to liver failure. Supplementation can also be used to relieve stress on the liver due to liver insufficiency as a result of liver parenchyma damage or viral hepatitis, allowing the liver to heal and recover function.

Gluckman, PD, Mellor, DJ. Use of growth factor IGF-I and/or IGF-II. US Patent #5,710,127 (1998). Use of IGF-I or IGF-II to prevent or treat pancreatic disorders and insufficiency. It can promote growth of the pancreas in diseases such as cystic fibrosis or partial/total pancreatectomy where pancreatic tissue is lost.

Vaarla, O. The gut immune system and type 1 diabetes. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 958:39-46 (2002). There is increasing evidence that the gut immune system is important in the development of type 1 (autoimmune) diabetes. One of the causes of type diabetes in children may be too early introduction of cow's milk to the diet in infants, which causes an autoimmune response to insulin.

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Viani RM, Gutteberg TJ, Lathey JL, Spector SA. (1999) Lactoferrin inhibits HIV-1 replication in vitro and exhibits synergy when combined with zidovudine. AIDS. 13:1273-4.

Vorland L, Ulvatne H, Andersen J, et al. (1999) Antibacterial effects of lactoferricin B. Scandinavian Journal of Infected Disease. 31:179-184.

Zagulski T, Jarzabek Z, Zagulska A, Zimecki M. (1998) The main systemic, highly effective mechanisms generated by lactoferrin in mammals in vitro. Advances in Lactoferrin Research. 443:247-50.

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Bellamy, W., et al. Identification of the bactericidal domain of lactoferrin. Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 73:472-479, 1992.

Edde, L, et al. Lactoferrin protects neonatal rats from gut-related systemic infection. American Journal of Physiology: Gastrointestinal Liver Physiology 281:G1140-G1150 (2001). Lactoferrin protected neonatal rats from E. coli infection in the intestines. Lactoferrin plus lysozyme was bactericidal against the E. coli.

Qiu, J, et al. Human milk lactoferrin inactivates two putative colonization factors expressed by Haemophilus influenzae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 95:12641-12646 (1998). Lactoferrin prevents colonization of Haemophilus influenzae, the primary cause of otitis media and other respiratory infections in children, by inactivating two colonization factors expressed by the bacteria.

Hasegawa, K, et al. Inhibition with lactoferrin of in vitro infection with human herpes virus. Japanese Journal of Medical Science and Biology 47:73-85 (1994). Both human and bovine lactoferrin inhibit infection with human herpes simplex virus and human cytomegalovirus in cell cultures.

van der Strate, BW, et al. Antiviral activities of lactoferrin. Antiviral Research 52(3):225-239 (2001). Lactoferrin is effective against both DNA and RNA viruses, including rotavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, herpes virus and HIV, both by blocking cellular receptors and by directly binding to the viruses.

Andersson, Y, et al. Lactoferrin is responsible for the fungistatic effect of human milk. Early Human Development 59:95-105 (2000). Lactoferrin, through its iron-binding ability, is very effective against fungal infections with Candida and other fungi.

Samaranayake, YH, et al. Antifungal effects of lysozyme and lactoferrin against genetically similar, sequential Candida albicans isolates from a human immunodeficiency virus-infected Southern Chinese cohort. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 39(9):3296-3302 (2001). Lactoferrin plus lysozyme is very effective in killing nearly all oral strains of Candida, which is of particular importance to AIDS sufferers who are often unable to fight off Candida overgrowths, such as thrush.

Gahr, M, et al. Influence of lactoferrin on the function of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 49(5):427-433 (1991). White blood cells (polymorphonuclear leucocytes) exposed to lactoferrin from bovine colostrum exhibit increased motility and produce more superoxide (a powerful antioxidant).

Tsuda, H, et al. Prevention of colon carcinogenesis and carcinoma metastasis by orally administered bovine lactoferrin in animals. BioFactors 12:83-88 (2000). In an experimental animal study, supplementation with bovine lactoferrin showed significant protection from development of cancerous tumors in the colon as well as protection against lung metastasis. Administration of the lactoferrin was accompanied by marked increases in cytotoxic white blood cells in the blood.

Masuda, C, et al. Chemopreventive effects of bovine lactoferrin on N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine-induced rat bladder carcinogenesis. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 91:582-588 (2000). Bovine lactoferrin also prevented the development of bladder cancer in another experimental animal system.

Tanaka, T, et al. Chemopreventive effect of bovine lactoferrin on 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide-induced tongue carcinogenesis in male F344 rats. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 91(1):25-33 (2000). The same effect of lactoferrin was found in an experimental tongue cancer system.

Ushida, Y, et al. Possible chemopreventive effects of bovine lactoferrin on esophagus and lung carcinogenesis in the rat. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 90:262-267 (1999). Lactoferrin was also found to protect the esophagus and the lung from experimental cancer induction.

Iigo, M, et al. Inhibitory effects of bovine lactoferrin on colon carcinoma 26 lung metastasis in mice. Clinical and Experimental Metastasis 17(1):35-40 (1999). Lactoferrin increased levels of cytotoxic white blood cells and inhibited metastasis to the lung in experimentally induced colon cancer in mice.

Kuhara, T, et al. Orally administered lactoferrin exerts an antimetastatic effect and enhances production of IL-18 in the intestinal epithelium. Nutrition and Cancer 38(2):192-199 (2000). A similar study on the protective effects of lactoferrin supplementation on protecting from lung metastasis in experimentally induced colon cancer. In addition to the increase in cytotoxic cells seen in other studies, there was also an increase in IL-18 production in the intestinal epithelium, suggesting it plays a role in mediating the inhibition of the cancers.

Tsuda, H, et al. Milk and dairy products in cancer prevention: focus on bovine lactoferrin. Mutation Research 462(2-3):227-233 (2000). In addition to the protection provided by lactoferrin against the development of cancers, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) also plays an inhibitory role on cancer development.

Tsuda, H, et al. Cancer prevention by bovine lactoferrin and underlying mechanisms--a review of experimental and clinical studies. Biochemistry and Cell Biology 80(1):131-136 (2002). Lactoferrin supplementation in experimental animal models of colon cancer show that it also suppresses phase I enzymes, such as cytochrome P450 1A2, by cancer cells, while enhancing the activity of phase II enzymes, such as glutathione S-transferase, both of which act to inhibit the development of these cancers. Lactoferrin also boosts local and systemic immunity, particularly the activity of cytotoxic lymphocytes and natural killer cells in the intestinal mucosa and peripheral blood, which in turn stimulates the production of IL-18 and caspase-1 in intestinal epithelial cells and possibly the appearance of interferon-gamma (INF-?) positive cells. Bovine lactoferrin was also found to have anti-hepatitis C activity. Chronic hepatitis due to infection with hepatitis C virus is a major causative factor in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Fujita, K, et al. Down-regulation of 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx)-induced CYP1A2 expression is associated with bovine lactoferrin inhibition of MeIQx-induced liver and colon carcinogenesis in rats. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 93(6):616-625 (2002). The mechanism of action of bovine lactoferrin on down regulating the expression of carcinogenic agents is explored.

Iigo, M, et al. Orally administered bovine lactoferrin induces caspase-1 and interleukin-18 in the mouse intestinal mucosa: a possible explanation for inhibition of carcinogenesis and metastasis. Cytokine 25(1):36-44 (2004). Oral lactoferrin administration increased the production of IL-18 by intestinal epithelial cells followed by increases in caspase-1 and INF-?, which potentiate the activity of cytotoxic lymphocytes and natural killer cells in attacking cancer cells.

Andersson, Y, et al. Lactoferrin is responsible for the fungistatic effect of human milk. Early Human Development 59(2):95-102 (2001). Lactoferrin inhibits the growth of Candida albicans through its ability to sequester iron.

Kimber, I, et al. Lactoferrin: influences on Langerhans cells, epidermal cytokines, and cutaneous inflammation. Biochemistry and Cell Biology 80(1):103-107 (2002). Apart from its modulation anti-inflammatory cytokines, lactoferrin also expresses an anti-inflammatory effect through controlling the migration of epidermal Langerhans cells. Lactoferrin inhibited the migration of these cells when the skin was exposed to an irritant, thus decreasing the inflammatory response.

Ward, PP, et al. Lactoferrin and host defense. Biochemistry and Cell Biology 80(1):95-102 (2002). Lactoferrin is a prominent component of the first line of defense against infection and inflammation. It accomplishes its activity through a variety of methods, most notably iron sequestration and its effect on down-regulating TNF-a, which controls the inflammatory cascade.

Griffiths, CE, et al. Exogenous topical lactoferrin inhibits allergen-induced Langerhans cell migration and cutaneous inflammation in humans. British Journal of Dermatology 144(4):715-725 (2001). Lactoferrin influences inflammation inhibiting Langerhans cell migration, normally controlled by TNF-a and IL-1ß, which are inhibited by lactoferrin.

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Deitch, E. A. "The Role of Intestinal Barrier Failure and Bacterial Translocation in the Development of Systemic Infection and Multiple Organ Failure," Arch Surgery. 125:403-404, 1990.

Galland, L. "Leaky Gut Syndrome: Breaking the Vicious Cycle," Townsend Letter for Doctors. 145(6):63-68, 1995.

Prosser, C, et al. Reduction in heat induced gastrointestinal hyperpermeability in rats by bovine colostrum and goat milk powders. Journal of Applied Physiology 96:650-654 (2004). Bovine colostrum healed "leaky gut" in an experimental rat model used heat induced gastrointestinal hyperpermeability.

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Chaumeil C, Liotet S, Kogbe O. (1994) Treatment of severe eye dryness and problematic eye lesions with enriched bovine colostrum lactoserum. Lacrimal Gland, Tear Film, and Dry Eye Syndromes. Adv Exp Med Biol. 350:595-9.

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Gorczyca W, Ugorski M, Nowacki W, Lisowski J. Mol Immunol. 1986 Sep;23(9):961-4. Related Articles, Links, Immunoglobulins of colostrum--VI. Comparative studies of cytophilic properties of bovine serum and colostral IgG.

Crago; Mestecky. "Immunoinhibitory Elements in Human Colostrum," Survey of Immunology Res. 2(2):164-169, 1983.

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Groziak, SM, Miller, GD. Natural bioactive substances in milk and colostrum: effects on the arterial blood pressure system. British Journal of Nutrition 84(Suppl.1):S119-S125 (2000). Consumption of milk and milk products can produce a significant decrease in blood pressure in hypertensive patients.

Goebel, A, et al. Human pooled immunoglobulin in the treatment of chronic pain syndromes. Pain Medicine 3(2):119-127 (2002). Intravenous treatment with pooled IgG from colostrum was shown to be of benefit to patients suffering chronic pain due to fibromyalgia, spinal pain, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), peripheral neuropathic pain, and atypical odontalgia or facial pain without serious side effects. All patients had failed to respond to established pain treatment protocols.

Goebel, A, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of primary trigeminal neuralgia refractory to carbamazepine: a study protocol. BMC Neurology 3(1):1 (2003). Patients with resistant trigeminal neuralgia, which is characterized by severe pain that is unresponsive to traditional pain management, participated in a double-blind study using intravenous immunoglobulin treatment compared to placebo. While pain management did not follow simple dose-response rules, intravenous IgG treatment did produce results ranging from full remission of pain to no effect.

Feldmann, M, et al. Cytokines in autoimmune disorders. International Review of Immunology 17(1-4)217-228 (1998). Cytokines are important protein mediators of immunity, inflammation, cell proliferation, differentiation, fibrosis, and so forth, in other words, all the major biological processes which underlie autoimmune disorders. Modulating the effects of these cytokines, particularly TNF-a, can result in amelioration of the symptoms of the disorders.

Lupus (discoid and systemic)(auto-immune condition)

Crohn's Disease (auto-immune condition)

Borody, TJ, et al. Tunnel vision in the bowel. Center for Digestive Diseases (2001). Review of irritable bowel syndrome, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, and its etiology, including infective agents such as Shigella and Campylobacter. Infections of the gut are difficult to treat because no antimicrobial therapy is available that is effective against Clostridia spores. Only bovine colostrum has proven clinical efficacy in eradicating intestinal pathogens, such as rotavirus, and may help control the infections seen in chronic disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome due to the number of biologically active components in colostrum. The growth factors in colostrum help heal intestinal erosions and ulcerations. It also contains anti-inflammatory factors and is nutrient rich. Colostrum may be used alone or in combination with other anti-inflammatory and/or immune substances. Future research should focus on identifying immune strategies, novel delivery systems and identification of the bioactives in colostrum.

De Keyser, F, et al. Gut inflammation and spondyloarthropathies. Current Rheumatology Reports 4(6):525-532 (2002). Spondyloarthropathies (SpA) are a related group of arthritic conditions which include ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease. SpA have been correlated with gut inflammation and are immunologically related Crohn's disease. Colostrum's ability to control gut inflammation and modulate the activity of TNF-a indicate that it may be of benefit in SpA treatment.

Ebina, T., et al. "Treatment of multiple sclerosis with anti-measles cow colostrum." Med Microbiol Immunol (Berl), 1984;173(2):87-93.

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De Keyser, F, et al. Gut inflammation and spondyloarthropathies. Current Rheumatology Reports 4(6):525-532 (2002). Spondyloarthropathies (SpA) are a related group of arthritic conditions which include ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease. SpA have been correlated with gut inflammation and are immunologically related Crohn's disease. Colostrum's ability to control gut inflammation and modulate the activity of TNF-a indicate that it may be of benefit in SpA treatment.

Nitsch, A, Nitsch, FP. Clinical use of bovine colostrum. Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine 13(2) (1998). A colostrum preparation was used clinically to treat rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis with good results.

Op. cit., Fallanc, L., p. 192. Feldmann, M.; Brennan, F.; Maini, R. Role of Cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of Review in Immunology. 14:397-440, 1996.

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Bibel, DJ, et al. Sphingosines: antimicrobial barriers of the skin. Acta Dermato-Venereologica 73(6):407-411 (1993). One of the main functions of the skin is to prevent microbial infections. Skin lipids, particularly sphingosines, which are also derived from sphingomyelin, found in the stratum corneum of the skin are one of the ways the skin controls microbial survival on the skin. Sphingosines were found to have bactericidal, bacteriostatic or fungistatic effects on Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Tricophyton mentagrophytes, Tricophyton tonsurans and Epidermatophyton floccosum, common microbes found on the skin.

Bibel, DJ, et al. Topical sphingolipids in antisepsis and antifungal therapy. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 20(5):395-400 (1995). The sphingolipids sphingosine and sphinganine, both of which are strongly inhibitory effects for both bacteria and fungi in the stratum corneum of the skin, were used as topical antiseptics against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, as a restorative antiseptic against expanded normal skin flora, and as therapy for Candida albicans and Tricophyton mentagrophytes infections with very good results and low toxicity.

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Dr Nikki-Marie Welch. MD from Duke University and the John Hopkins University School of Medicine, reports that her patients generally thrive after taking colostrum: "their condition usually improves substantially, and they feel a greater sense of well-being along with enhanced energy and stamina". Sporn MB, et al. (1983) Polypetide transforming growth factors isolated from bovine sources and used for wound healing in vivo. Science. 219:1329-1331.

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Harmsen, M. C.; Swart, P. J.; Bethune, M.; Pauwels, R.; De Clercq, E.; et al. "Antiviral Effects of Plasma and Milk Proteins: Lactoferrin Shows Potent Activity against Both Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Human Cytomegalovirus Replication In Vitro," Journal of Infectious Diseases. 172:380-8, 1995.

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Rump, J. A.; Aarndt, R.; Arnold, A.; Bendick, C.; Dichtelmuller, H.; Franke, M.; Helm, E. B.; Jager, H.; Kampmann, B.; Kolb, P.; et al. "Treatment of Diarrhoea in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients with Immunoglobulins from Bovine Colostrum," Clin Investig. 70(7):588-594, 1992.

Bogstedt, A.K.; et al. "Passive Immunity Against Diarrhea," Acta Paediatr 8:125-128, 1996.

Bricker, D. S. "Colostrum: Implications for Accelerated Recovery in Damaged Muscles and Cartilage, Prevention of some Pathogenic disease," The American Chiropractor. Nov. 1991.

Harmsen, M.C.; Swart, P.J.; Bethune, M.; Pauwels, R.; DeClercq, E.; et al. "Antiviral Effects of Plasma and Milk Proteins: Lactoferrin Shows Potent Activity Against Both Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Human Cytomegalovirus Replication In Vitro," Journal of Infectious Diseases. 172:380-8, 1995.

Nowa; McMichael. "How HIV Defeats the Immune system," Scientific American. Aug:58-65, 1995.

Plettenberg, A. et al. "A Preparation from Bovine Colostrum in the Treatment of HIVPositive Patients with Chronic Diarrhea," Clinical Invest. Jan. 1993.

Richie, J.; "Update on the Management of Intestinal Cryptosporidiosis in AIDS," Ann.Pharmacother 28:767-778, 1994.

Rump, J.A.; Aarndt, R.; Arnold, A.; Bendick, C.; Dichtelmuller, H.; Franke, M.; Helm, E. B.;Jager, H; Kampmann, B.; Kolb, P.; et al. "Treatment of Diarrhoea in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients with Immunoglobulins from Bovine Colostrum," Clinical Investig. 70(7):588-594, 1992.

Stephan, W.; et al. "Antibodies from Colostrum in Oral Immunotherapy," J. Clinical Biochem. 28:19-23, 1990.

Unger, B. L. P.; et al. "Cessation of Cryptosporidium-Associated Diarrhea in AIDS Patients After Treatment with Hyperimmune Bovine Colostrum," Gastroenterology. 98:486-489, 1990.

Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 1990. "Virus neutralizing activity" complete reference not available.

Palmer,E.L. et al. Antiviral Activity of Colostrum and Serum Immunoglobulins A and G. J. Med. Virol. 5:123-129. 1980.

Ritchie, D. J., Update on the management of intestinal cryptosporidiosis in AIDS. Ann. Pharmacother. 1994. 28: p.767-778.

Rump, J. A., et al., Treatment of diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with immunoglobulins from bovine colostrum. Clin.lnvesti; 1992. 70: p. 588-594.

Ungar, B. L. P., et al., Cessation of Cryptosporidium-associated diarrhea in AIDS patient after treatment with hyperimmune bovine colostrum. Gastroenterology 1990. 98: p. 486-489.

Sporn, et al. Polypeptide Transforming Growth Factors (TGF A & B) and Epithelial Growth Factor isolated from bovine colostrum used for wound healing in vivo. Science, 219, pp. 1329-31, 1983.

Heinerman, John. Dr. Heinerman¹s Encyclopedia of Anti-Aging Remedies. Paramus:Prentice Hall, 1997; pp.85-86.

Ungar, B.L.; D.J.; Fayer, R.; Quinn, C.A. Cessation of Cryptosporidium-associated diarrhea in an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patient after treatment with hyperimmune bovine colostrum. Gastroenterology. 98(2):486-489, February 1990.

Nord, J.; Ma, P.; DiJohn, D.; Tzipori, S.; Tacket, C.O. Treatment with bovine hyperimmune colostrum of cryptosporidial diarrhea in AIDS patients. AIDS. 4(6):581-584m June 1990.

Palmer, E.L., et, al. Antiviral activity of colostrum and serum immonoglobulins A and G. Medical Viroloy. 5:123-129, 1980.

Rump, J.A., et, al. Treatment of diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with immunoglobulins from bovine colostrum. Clinical Investigator. 70:588-594, 1992.

Greenberg PD, Cello JP. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1996 Dec 1;13(4):348-54. Related Articles, Links, Treatment of severe diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium parvum with oral bovine immunoglobulin concentrate in patients with AIDS. Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Clinical Nutrition, San Francisco General Hospital 94110, USA.

Heaton P. Bovine colostrum immunoglobulin concentrate for cryptosporidiosis in AIDS. Arch Dis Child. 1994 Apr;70(4):356-7. Related Articles, Links.

Shield J, Melville C, Novelli V, Anderson G, Scheimberg I, Gibb D, Milla P. Arch Dis Child. 1993 Oct;69(4):451-3. Related Articles, Links, Bovine colostrum immunoglobulin concentrate for cryptosporidiosis in AIDS.Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital for Sick Children, London.

Berkhout, B, et al. Characterization of the anti-HIV effects of native lactoferrin and other milk proteins and protein-derived peptides. Antiviral Research 55(2):341-355 (2002). Bovine lactoferrin as well as peptides derived from lactoferrin blocks the entry process of HIV into cells.

Rump, JA, et al. Treatment of diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with immunoglobulins from bovine colostrum. Clinical Investigator 70:588-594 (1992). Immunoglobulins from bovine colostrum were very effective in treating chronic diarrhea in AIDS patients from a variety of causes. Colostral immunoglobulins are highly resistant to digestion in the gastrointestinal tract.

Rump, JA, et al. Treatment of diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with immunoglobulins from bovine colostrum. Clinical Investigator 70:588-594 (1992). Immunoglobulins from bovine colostrum were very effective in treating chronic diarrhea in AIDS patients from a variety of causes. Colostral immunoglobulins are highly resistant to digestion in the gastrointestinal tract.

Plettenberg, A, et al. A preparation from bovine colostrum in the treatment of HIV-positive patients with chronic diarrhea. Clinical Investigator 71(1):42-45 (1993). Another study which examined the use of immunoglobulins from bovine colostrum in the treatment of chronic diarrhea in AIDS patients. 40% of the study group experienced complete remission of symptoms and 24% partial remission.

Greenberg, PD, Cello, JP. Treatment of severe diarrhea caused by Cryptosporidium parvum with oral bovine immunoglobulin concentrate in patients with AIDS. Journal of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology 13(4):348-354 (1996). Another study which looked at the treatment of cryptosporidiosis diarrhea in AIDS patients with an immunoglobulin concentrate from bovine colostrum. Best results were found using a powdered form of the concentrate rather than in capsules.

"Immunoglobulin from bovine colostrum effectively reduces and prevents viral and bacterial infections in immune deficient subjects: bone marrow recipients, premature babies, AIDS, etc." according to the New England Journal of Medicine.

Tyrell, David, "Breast Feeding and Virus Infection The Immunity of Infant Feeding" (1980) Plenum Press, N.Y., 55-61.

Theodore, Christine, et al "Immunologic Aspects of Colostrum and Milk: Development of Antibody Response to Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Bovine Serum Albumin in the Human and Rabbit Mammary Gland" Recent Advances in Mucosal Immunity (1982) (Raven Press), New York.

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Immunoglobulin components and anti-viral activities in bovine colostrum. Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 1990 Mar;64(3):274-9.

"Reducing viral levels in the body and stimulating natural immune capabilities holds the most promise in helping our immune systems contain the HIV virus," according to Dr. Nowa and Dr. McMichael in Scientific American.

"Only retinoic acids, found in colostrum, conferred protection and reduced colonization of the herpes virus. Although not a cure, retinoic acids effectively reduce the herpes virus to levels (1/100th to 1/10,000th) where the body's immune system could fight off an outbreak." Dr. Charles Isaacs, et al, wrote this in Science.

"Colostrum contains Retinoic Acid, which helps fight herpes virus. It also contains glycoprotein (kappa casein) that protects against the bacteria that cause stomach ulcers." - Dr. Raloff in Science News.

"Colostrum has a virus antibody that acts against viral invaders. A wide range of antiviral factors were acknowledged to be present in colostrum." from a study at the Center for Disease Control in Atlanta, Georgia, published by Dr. E. L. Palmer, et al, in the Journal of Medical Virology.

"Colostrum contains non-specific inhibitors that inhibit a wide range of respiratory illness, notably influenza viruses. Colostrum is specifically cited for its unique effectiveness against potentially deadly outbreaks of Asian flu viruses that emerge from animal/human mutations." This was published by Dr. Shortridge, et al, in the Journal of Tropical Pediatrics.

Ebina, T., et al., Prevention of rotavirus infection by cow colostrum containing antibody against human rotavirus. Lancet. 1983.29: p. 1029-1030.

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van Hooijdonk AC, Kussendrager KD, Steijns JM., In vivo antimicrobial and antiviral activity of components in bovine milk and colostrum involved in non-specific defence., Br J Nutr. 2000 Nov;84 Suppl 1:S127-34. Related Articles, Links,DMV International, R&D Center, PO Box 13, 5460 BA Veghel, The Netherlands.

Davidson, G.P.; E.; Nunan, H.; Moore, A..G.; Whyte, P.B.D.; Franklin, K.; McCloud, P.L.; Moore, D.J. Passive Immunization of children with bovine colostrum containing antibodies to human rotavirus. Lancet. 2:709-712, 1989.

Hasegawa, K., et, al. Inhibition with lactoferrin of in vitro infection with human herpes virus. Japanese Journal of Medical Science and Biology. 47(2):73-85, Apr 1994.

Mitra AK, Mahalanabis D, Ashraf H, Unicomb L, Eeckels R, Tzipori S. Acta Paediatr. 1995 Sep;84(9):996-1001. Related Articles, Links, Hyperimmune cow colostrum reduces diarrhoea due to rotavirus: a double-blind, controlled clinical trial. International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka Bangladesh.

Ushijima H, Dairaku M, Honnma H, Mukoyama A, Kitamura T. Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 1990 Mar;64(3):274-9. Related Articles, Links,[Immunoglobulin components and anti-viral activities in bovine colostrum][Article in Japanese],Department of Enteroviruses, National Institute of Health, Japan.

Boesman-Finkelstein M, Finkelstein RA. Lancet. 1989 Dec 2;2(8675):1336. Related Articles, Links, Comment on: Lancet. 1989 Sep 23;2(8665):709-12. Passive oral immunisation of children.

Tzipori S, Roberton D, Chapman C. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1986 Nov 15;293(6557):1276-7. Related Articles, Links, Remission of diarrhoea due to cryptosporidiosis in an immunodeficient child treated with hyperimmune bovine colostrum.

Askaa J, Bloch B, Bertelsen G, Rasmussen KO. Nord Vet Med. 1983 Dec;35(12):441-7. Related Articles, Links, Rotavirus associated diarrhoea in nursing piglets and detection of antibody against rotavirus in colostrum, milk and serum.

Zissis G, Lambert JP, Marbehant P, Marissens D, Lobmann M, Charlier P, Delem A, Zygraich N. J Infect Dis. 1983 Dec;148(6):1061-8. Related Articles, Links, Protection studies in colostrum-deprived piglets of a bovine rotavirus vaccine candidate using human rotavirus strains for challenge.

Ylitalo S, Uhari M, Rasi S, Pudas J, Leppaluoto J. (1998) Rotaviral antibodies in the treatment of acute rotaviral gastroenteritis. Acta Paediatr. 87:264-267.

Yolken RH, Losonsky GA, Vonderfecht S, Leister F, Wee SB. (1985) Antibody to human rotavirus in cow's milk. The New England Journal of Medicine. 312:605-610.

Ushijima H, Dairaku M, Honnma H, Mukoyama A, Kitamura T. (1990) Immunoglobulin components and anti-viral activities in bovine colostrum. 64:274-279.

Hoffman M. (1992) Transferred immune cells may help fight viral infection. Immunology. 257(5067):166.

Orzechowska, B., et al. "Antiviral effect of proline-rich polypeptide in murine resident peritoneal cells." Acta Virol; 1998;42(2):75-78.

Wound healing (Sporn, M.B., et al. "Polypeptide Transforming Growth Factors Islolated From Bovine Sources and used for Wound Healing in Vivo" Science (1983) Vol. 219, 1329-1331.)